Security Issues and the Breakdown of Payment Systems - Free Essay Example

Critically Discuss Security Issues and the Breakdown of the Payment System. Introduction Regulation 2560/2001/EU applies to cross-border payments in euros within the EU and established with effect from 1st July 2003 the principle of equal charges for a cross-border transaction and a strictly domestic transaction. The Consultative Document à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“New Legal Framework for Payments in the Internal Marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [1] acknowledges that the Regulation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“has contributed to a considerable reduction in the price for [such] paymentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and has provided an incentive for the payment industry to modernise their EU-wide payment infrastructuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . However, it is acknowledged that technical and legal barriers still prevent EU citizens, companies and payment service providers from reaping the full benefits of a Single Payment Area for non-cash payments. The Executive Summary (p.2) concludes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Internal Market for goods and services cannot function properly without cheap, efficient and secure [emphasis supplied] payment services.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  While the Regulation addresses the first of these three criteria, considerable progress is still required in respect of the efficiency of services (and, in particular, the introduction of appropriate protection for parties in the event of breakdown) and security of networks in the face of increasing external attack. Annex 20 of the Consultative Document raises issues in respect of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Security of Networksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and Annex 21 similarly invites submissions in respect of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Breakdown of a Payment Network.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ It is proposed to address each of these subjects in turn. Security of the Networks Annex 20 describes attacks upon the databases of, inter alia, the banking industry and e-commerce merchants which have led to conce rns as to payment fraud and have resulted in the recall and reissue of many thousands of payment cards. The full scale of the problem is unknown since, due to the potential for the undermining of confidence in such institutions, it has been estimated that as many as 80% of such incidents are not reported[2]. A study undertaken for the European Commission into public perceptions of the security of electronic payments[3] identified the fact that from a security perspective, electronic banking systems including on-line bank transfers are the preferred methods of payment. This is due to the use of a system of 2-factor identification (e.g. password and selected digits from a PIN number). By contrast, the use of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“card not presentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  payment over the internet poses risks because authentication depends upon the use of credit card numbers and expiry dates (which information can be the subject of misappropriation or the increasing crime of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“identity t heftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Regrettably, this type of transaction remains the most prevalent for cross-border payments. New, more secure solutions, have yet to achieve a significant degree of market penetration. In particular, the use of what is known as SSL à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Secure Sockets Layerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , a generic method to cryptographically secure communication on the Internet taking place between a client and a server is as yet weak or non-existent in terms of general commercial application. At the Tampere European Council, the member states reaffirmed their commitment to reinforcing the fight against organised crime. This led to the issue of the Communication from the Commission à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Preventing fraud and counterfeiting of non-cash means of paymentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4] and its accompanying Fraud Prevention Action Plan. It was acknowledged that the payment industry has developed and implemented new technical fraud prevention measures (such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“chip and PI Nà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  technology) but if cross-border payments are to be adequately protected, further, more general measures are required. The first paragraph of the Fraud Prevention Action Plan states, inter alia, that the longer term objective must be the introduction of a structured and co-ordinated security approach by all interested parties. It is essential to promote standardised security requirements which can be independently and objectively evaluated. An example of this is ISO Standard 15408 which allows the definition of security requirements for information technology systems including payment products. Criminal sanctions are also necessary. At the Community level, proposals have been made for the common definition of certain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cyber crimesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  carrying common penalties[5]. While such reform is to be welcomed insofar as it would provide a measure of uniformity and ease of enforcement within the EU, it cannot address the risks posed by the global na ture of modern information technology which renders European merchants and institutions vulnerable to international attack from beyond the borders of the EU. Annex 20 argues that the harmonisation of penal legislation against cyber crime both in the EU and beyond and co-operation with other stakeholders may lead to the conclusion that there is no need for further legal provisions on the security of the infrastructure and the payment area and further initiatives may be left to self-regulation. This approach is complacent. While acknowledging the difficulty of state regulation of crimes committed outside its jurisdiction, such a challenge militates in favour of internal regulation to ensure compliance with the highest possible standards of electronic security. The increase in e-banking and e-commerce generates an increasingly urgent imperative to protect such systems if confidence is to be maintained and the advantages of such transaction methods to the development of the Internal Market are to be preserved. Article 17 of Directive 95/46/EC already provides for the controller of the data to take appropriate measures to protect against unauthorised access. An increasingly obvious deficiency occurs where the processing of such data is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“outsourcedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to another party. While the controller in such circumstances is under a duty to choose a processor who is able to supply the necessary guarantees as to security of data, there is no reason why indeed it might be regarded as essential that the processor is also made the direct subject of primary legislation in order to ensure the integrity of his guarantees and to provide appropriate remedies (beyond the merely contractual rights of the controller) in the event of default. Breakdown of a Payment Network By contrast with Annex 20, Annex 21 raises the issue of liability in the event of breakdown of a payment network but fails to provide even the most meagre of proposed strategies for dealing with the issue or even any meaningful suggested topics for discussion and response. The risk of system breakdown is particularly acute in the case of Payment Services Providers since they have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“network externalitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which means that they are exposed to risks not only as a result of the compromise of the integrity of their own internal systems but also the systems of those other institutions with which they are interdependent. In addition, the trend toward à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“outsourcingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  discussed above increases their vulnerability to breakdowns over which they have no direct control. Such system failures can have significant impact in the marketplace upon a customer who may incur financial penalties (e.g. for late payment) or suffer loss of commercial opportunity or other loss as a result of not being able to action an electronic payment. The merchant also is at risk since, in the event of such failure, potential profit may be lost i f otherwise willing customers are not able to make payment by other than electronic means. The obvious question is, upon whom should such losses ultimately fall? Not surprisingly, the banks take a particular view. Barclays[6] argue that to extend liability to include unlimited consequential losses due to system breakdown will cause many providers to reconsider their exposure to the payments market. They argue that they have invested in contingency arrangements so that payments are not delayed even if there are failures, that customers have a wide range of payment options available to them and that breakdown is rare. Finally, there is the familiar plea that the industry is subject to a high degree of self-regulation and that the consequences of system failure are adequately addressed by the bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contract with the customer. Significantly, it is not asserted that compensation arrangements are adequate under the present regime, rather that the customer contract is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the best way forwardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  provided this is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“transparent to the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . To seek to limit liability in this way is offensive to basic legal principles. By direct or indirect means, the customer either in the form of a consumer or in the person of a merchant supplying goods or services and wishing for reasons of commercial competitiveness to offer the option of payment by electronic means, is paying for a service which he has a consequent right to expect will be operated efficiently and without causing loss to him through its failure. Where such failure occurs, the consequences are clearly and reasonably foreseeable as they have been by the Commission in the Consultation Document. Just as it was appropriate for the Commission to regulate the charge for electronic cross-border transfers by Regulation 2560/2001, it is appropriate for there to be similar intervention to ensure confidence in systems and the further increase in th eir use for the benefit of the Single Market and to provide a transparent system of rights and remedies in the event of breakdown of systems. Conclusion Regulation 2560/2001/EC provided an important boost to the use of electronic payment systems for cross-border transfers by removing the disparities previously existing in respect of charges for such services. Recognising this benefit to the operation of the Single Market, the Consultative Document seeks to explore ways of increasing and enhancing this benefit by addressing a range of technical and legal restrictions which continue to impinge upon the efficient and secure operation of such means of payment. If this is to be achieved, urgent action is required to address the increasing threat to the security of and thus confidence in the use of such services. Payment Services Providers must shoulder the leading responsibility for guaranteeing the security of such systems and where this continues to be deemed inadequate, must b e required by Regulation to do so. This applies also in the distinct but related field of system breakdown. Self-serving arguments about the current adequacy of systems and the familiar special pleading for self-regulation should not be allowed to stand in the way of continued improvements in e-payment and e-commerce with the manifest economic benefits that this will confer upon the Community. Again, this is too important an objective to be left to chance or half-hearted and self-interested attempts at self-regulation. The model of Regulation 2560/2001 and its demonstrable success may be relied upon in both areas to bring about continued improvements in the framework for payments in the Internal Market. Bibliography APACS, The Regulation on Cross Border Payments in Euro, Cards Compliance Guidelines for the UK Banking Industry, (July 2003) Barclays plc Response: Commission Communication A New Legal Framework for Payments in the Internal Market (9 February 2004) Electroni c Payments key conclusions of study undertaken for European Commission on public perceptions, (September 2003), www.europa.eu.int/comm.internal-market/payments/docs/fraud/study-security New Legal Framework for Payments in the Internal Market, COM (2003) 718 final Irish Payment Services Organisation, IBAN Update, (Oct 2004), www.ipso.ie Preventing fraud and counterfeiting of non-cash means of payment, COM (2001) 0011 final Proposal for a Council Framework Decision on attacks against information systems, COM (2002) 173 final Regulation 2560/2001/EU 1 Footnotes [1] COM (2003) 718 final, p.2 [2] IDC and Gartner (November 2002) [3] Electronic Payments key conclusions of study undertaken for European Commission on public perceptions, (September 2003), www.europa.eu.int/comm.internal-market/payments/docs/fraud/study-security [4] COM (2001) 0011 final [5] Proposal for a Council Framework Decision on attacks against information systems, COM (2002) 173 final [6] Barclays plc Response: Commission Communication A New Legal Framework for Payments in the Internal Market (9 February 2004)

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Causes and Consequences There are different reasons and outcomes that come from Intimate Partner Violence. A percentage of the danger components for Intimate Partner Violence are the same and others are typically connected with each other. Concurring to National Institute of Justice, one in five ladies are murdered or seriously harmed by an intimate partner. The deadly or life-debilitating occurrence is ordinarily the first physical brutality that is experienced from their partner (Block, 2003). Ladies who get to be parents at an early age will probably be the casualties of IPV than ladies who get to be mothers at a later age. Ladies who experience aggressive behavior at home regularly have mental and passionate trouble. Families or even people who have encountered abusive behavior at home mend both physically and candidly from the various injuries they have experienced. The injuries experienced effectively affects the mind and in addition the body and soul of the casualty. 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Bryant Furlow (2010) states that domestic violence is any physical, psychological or sexual abuse endured by a current/former spouse, intimate partner or simply anyone who is abusing another family member. According to Furlow (2010) domestic violence incorporates elder abuse, child abuse and intimate partner violence. Although domestic violence can affect all membersR ead MoreThe Effects Of Violence On Hispanic Women Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic that will be analyzed in this literature review is relationship violence in Hispanics. Specifically, it will be physical and sexual abuse in intimate partners. It is mentioned that Hispanic women are less likely to report or use services available to anybody. The services that are available to them are healthcare and housing. As well as, therapy of any type. Also, Hispanic women are less likely to report abuse (Cho 2012). The reasons for not reporting abuse can vary depending on the legalRead MoreSexual Partner Violence And Black American Women Essay1056 Words   |  5 PagesRELATED TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AND BLACK AMERICAN WOMEN Arshida Moore 12/11/2016 PADM 6130 Research Methods INTRODUCTION In the United States, Black American women are physically battered and often die from Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) at increasingly disparate rates in comparison to that of White American women. When compared to their White American counterparts, Black American women unswervingly conveyed higher rates of violence by their intimate partner (West, 2004)Read MoreGender And Gender Violence1482 Words   |  6 PagesGender-based violence is the unequal power relationships between men and women. It includes rape, sexual assault and harassment, domestic abuse, and stalking. Gender violence reflects the idea that violence is often used to uphold structural gender inequalities. Gender violence includes all types of violence against men, women, children, gay, lesbian, and transgender people. Gender violence may be experienced differently based on the social variables of race, age, gender, social class or anotherRead MoreThe Three Stages Of Violence1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe three stage s of violence. According to the article, The Cycle of Domestic violence, there are three stages of violence. They are defined as the tension-building stage, the explosive stage, and the honeymoon stage (Domestic Violence Roundtable, 2008). The tension-building stage. The first stage, is the tension-building stage. This stage is known by a time of extreme stress and tension. During this time, the batterer (or abuser) may become overly agitated, and begin acting aggressively. It isRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Domestic Violence1728 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) which falls into the category of domestic violence, is an epidemic among individuals in every community affecting twelve million men and women each year. IPV has no discrimination when it comes to characteristics of the victims. Although victims of IPV are predominately female, men are just as capable of becoming victims as well. The term intimate partner violence describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner (CDC, 2015)Read MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Domestic Violence1300 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction. Intimate partner violence (IPV) which falls into the category of domestic violence is an epidemic among individuals in every community affecting twelve million men and women each year. IPV has no discrimination when it comes to characteristics of the victims. Although victims of IPV are predominately female, men are just as capable of becoming victims as well. The term intimate partner violence describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner (CDC, 2015)Read MoreEmotional And Emotional Effects Of Domestic Violence1503 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence, or as Daigle calls it, intimate partner violence, comes in different forms. One of these forms is intimate terrorism, which involves severe, persistent and frequent abuse that tends to get worse as time goes on. The abusive partner needs to feel like he or she has the power and control of the relationship. This type of intimate partner violence is likely to result in serious injury, the worst of which is death. Another kind of intimate partner violence is situational couple violence

Essay Writing About Environment Pollution

<h1>Essay Writing About Environment Pollution</h1><p>Environmental security is a point which is turning into a hotly debated issue for article composing. The thoughts of natural insurance are typically routed to understudies as a feature of their primary school instruction. The vast majority of the youngsters at this age are exceptionally worried about nature and how best to ensure it. Article expounding on condition contamination can be useful in coming to their meaningful conclusion and will expand their degree of worry for the environment.</p><p></p><p>Students ought to consistently remember that Environment contamination is only one of the issues that influence human life. Likewise, a similar contamination additionally influences creatures and plants. It has been seen that contamination of nature has brought about more sicknesses among humans.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous guides to show how individual needs shou ld be mulled over before taking a choice. Each individual must be allowed to live the manner in which they need and not to be decided by the encompassing. For example, if the contamination has influenced somebody, this individual probably won't have the alternative to take another way than the one that was recently taken by others.</p><p></p><p>Once a choice has been made, the following thing that ought to be done is drafting a paper. A few understudies would compose their paper all alone or may request help from their folks, however a few people want to do everything without anyone else. There are numerous inquiries that should be posed, it will assist with knowing your own degree of information and interest.</p><p></p><p>The paper should start with a presentation. This is something that could have been the subject of a class conversation. Prior to composing your exposition, ensure that you have secured all the things that the paper i s going to bargain with.</p><p></p><p>If you intend to utilize your article as a response to an inquiry, you should ensure that your paper tends to each issue that is relevant to ecological issues. On the off chance that the article will be utilized for an assessment, at that point ensure that it covers each important issue that is introduced. Allot it to a class to get criticism from them and you may find that you will find a solution in an increasingly proficient way on the off chance that you relegate it to a class.</p><p></p><p>When beginning to compose an article on natural contamination, you should likewise compose a synopsis of what you think and ensure that the paper is intelligible. Making an elegantly composed exposition is the best way to take on the atmosphere.</p>

How to Use College Level Diversity Essay Samples

<h1>How to Use College Level Diversity Essay Samples</h1><p>College level decent variety article tests can demonstrate exceptionally supportive in addressing the various inquiries that emerge with respect to assorted variety strategies and what it intends to schools. A decent variety strategy can't be met without these sorts of essays.</p><p></p><p>College level assorted variety article tests not just necessitate that the writer or author takes a moral and good position on their papers, yet that they write in a scholastically important manner. It should likewise be clear and brief, and despite the fact that you are not required to utilize your own words when composing, it is in every case best to peruse different forms and obtain words openly for your piece. The thought is to draw in the peruser by putting yourself in the situation of being their garrulous professor.</p><p></p><p>One of the most well known themes to sh ow up in school level assorted variety paper tests is an assortment of statements about decent variety from different sources. These statements might be found in an article on the Internet, on an educational plan site, or in some type of scholarly diary. Understand that decent variety is viewed as a hot catch issue nowadays, so it is critical to compose inside the limits of your theme to maintain a strategic distance from the chance of culpable anyone.</p><p></p><p>When you are building up your statement, remember that it ought to speak to you, or your contemplations and suppositions, instead of your own perceptions or words. You should introduce yourself in a legitimate way with the goal that you can demonstrate you have composed something that is significant and useful. For instance, on the off chance that you are composing an article on the estimation of looking past shading, tone, and size, a statement like, 'Stating that dark is the shade of abhorrence i s absurdity's would not be useful.</p><p></p><p>Try to tune in to different suppositions communicated in the compositions of others, and think about creation your own statements however in your own words. Each idea tallies, and the way that you have considered their feelings is verification that they were not the ones being excessively basic. On the off chance that you believe you should utilize another perspective, be certain that you possibly do so when your statement negates the first source.</p><p></p><p>Another kind of article subjects that are regularly utilized in school level decent variety exposition tests include the morals of your occupation. For instance, in the event that you are a lifelong guide, you might need to ensure that you are not citing a past understudy who used to settle on poor profession decisions. It is imperative to be succinct, precise, and truthful. In many cases, an awful involvement with the past can be a decent point of view on the most proficient method to deal with circumstances currently.</p><p></p><p>When citing somebody who holds an ethical perspective, be certain that you are not making a difference your own ethics or moral guidelines to another person. Rather, be cautious about getting into the center of a conversation about what is good and bad. The significant thing is to be eager to concede when you are wrong.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous approaches to use school level decent variety article tests, and they can be a decent expansion to your general composition. Decent variety is a squeezing subject nowadays, and an instruction in assorted variety and its effect on training are imperative for everybody. Assorted variety is a significant point that must be investigated cautiously, and a comprehension of how different societies see decent variety is necessary.</p>

Secret Techniques for Conjunctions for Writing Essay Only the Experts Know About

<h1> Secret Techniques for Conjunctions for Writing Essay Only the Experts Know About </h1> <p>It's fundamental to be away from what you mean in your paper. Each exposition contrasts and must be personalizedas per this issue. More every now and again than not, your exposition is about the program work. Each exposition begins with a sentence. </p> <p>An compelling acquaintance is basic with a flourishing exposition. In an Analytical paper, the heading you utilize the data that you gather checks an extensively. As there's a built up structure for five section expositions one is to begin with presentation. </p> <h2> Conjunctions for Writing Essay - the Story </h2> <p>Last expressions of counsel are to ask your educator when you have any disarray. Like in a wide range of composing, clearness and curtness in expositions is fundamental and, in this manner, shouldn't be neglected at whatever point you're writing in another dialect. Investigation articles separate a subject into its constituent parts for the job of understanding their capacity concerning the entirety. Despite the fact that circumstances and logical results expositions structure an alternate kind of papers, it might likewise be partitioned into four distinct sorts. </p> <p>Explain things any place required yet recollect it's y our presentation and you should keep things short and fresh. Clearly, saying something new is a huge thing. In an issue of talking, selecting powerful article themes is like mentioning to yourself what you wish to pass on to the remainder of the planet. In case you're composing a sheet of fiction, it's alright, on the off chance that you trust it will add accentuation to your sentence and sound good to your readers.</p> <p>The 2 sections could be single words or conditions. Scholarly language gives elective words and expressions to make certain your sentences stream well. You will undoubtedly observe that there are a few different strategies to subordinate sentences. It's consummately OK to begin a sentence with a combination. </p> <p>When it has to do with exposition composing, it's an astounding medium to give your customized see about a theme. An individual may arrange altered articles and papers with filling in the basic structure on its site. Develop you r own plans to deliver the exposition more enjoyment full and strong. You can start your presentation by composing a captivating prelude which expresses the foundation about this issue. </p> <h2> The Ultimate Conjunctions for Writing Essay Trick </h2> <p>If you pick a difficult article subject for a particular explanation, or when you have zero decision and thegiven theme doesn't intrigue you much, do take the help of Professional Advisers. In this way, recall, there should be no abstract focuses in your article in light of the fact that there is an area for those contentions as it were. At first, you should record focuses about your point when you begin to look at it. Or on the other hand possibly you can find a point somewhere close to both. </p> <h2>Conjunctions for Writing Essay - Is it a Scam? </h2> <p>The subject is, obviously, what the sentence is about. Obviously you probably won't start a sentence with a combination, she'd hav e snapped. The modified sentence clarifies the relationship between Bridget's craving to take part in the following Olympics and her everyday preparing. So on the off chance that you find yourself needing to begin a sentence with in any case, Ask yourself if it's truly required. </p> <h2> The Conjunctions for Writing Essay Chronicles </h2> <p>Essay composing is a troublesome business when you're at school. Composing a powerful presentation assumes a very huge job in getting passing marks. Aside from that, it's beneficial for you to have some insignificant abilities for composing. You'll watch the strategies that you need to have a more noteworthy IELTS composing score.</p> <p>You might not need to apply all them. Giving proof to the GRE papers would wind up being extremely useful in the event that you want to make the level of believability. </p> <h2>Conjunctions for Writing Essay: No Longer a Mystery </h2> <p>Using conjunc tions recorded as a hard copy is basic to shape longer, progressively multifaceted sentences and join several thoughts. Organizing they join sentence components that are the equivalent. Subjecting conjunctions regularly come toward the beginning of the subordinate condition. As a matter of first importance, they go before subordinate conditions, so it is sensible for them to have the option to remain toward the start of a sentence. </p> <p>To get a superior hold at composing, article composing is a ground-breaking exercise which at that point gives the capacity to compose on almost every subject of your advantage. The master article scholars state that it's critical to concentrate on the stream and design of composing. Dissimilar to in various articles, composing story papers license the essayist to utilize an absolute first individual perspective as it depends on close to home encounters. In spite of the fact that, paper composing for younger students appears to be an i ncredibly extreme undertaking, however in all actuality it isn't. </p> <h2> Things You Should Know About Conjunctions for Writing Essay</h2> <p>Your even humble understanding of composing will be likewise extremely advantageous. Now and again data ought to be rehashed to underline the edge being created. Know that a fabulous comprehension of the various procedures of sentence amalgamation is important to mix it up and modernity to your composition. So figuring out how to compose not too bad paper answers is a huge factor in an extraordinary evaluation once you're taken a crack at a class.</p> <p>Observe that the 2 provisions likewise function as sentences autonomously. On the off chance that you do this, the significant provision of the sentence must stick to the combination. Else you will have a sudden spike in demand for sentence. In truth, it tends to be a whole sentence. </p>

What You Need to Know About How to Write College Paper

<h1> What You Need to Know About How to Write College Paper</h1> <p>Writing the principal draft is an absolute necessity to have the option to complete the entire composing task mind lucidness. Therefore endeavor to upgrade your composing ability or if you can't then you may get in contact with probably the best exposition composing serviceslike Capital Essay. At the point when you have finished composing the full paper, it is important to check for blunders in the substance. Perusing tests of reaction papers is likewise an extra route by which you can without much of a stretch figure out how to make a response paper to narrative. </p> <p>Don't simply mention to your peruser what you're thinking, DISCOVER what it is you're pondering it. Try not to be terrified to draw in your peruser in exactly the same inquiries you're posing to yourself about existence and your excursion up to now. You will be provided with information on the scholarly difficulties tha t the author is directly confronting, letting the clients to make their own proposals and assume a functioning job in creating the paper of a fantasy. You need to uncover your peruser HOW YOU THINK by welcoming them into your specific idea practice. </p> <h2> How to Write College Paper Explained</h2> <p>On-line custom composing administrations are offered for understudies to help them in scholastic composition. You're ready to check the location in web Maps. Remember you should direct research take a shot at this issue you settle. </p> <p>Students have occupied existences and much of the time disregard a coming cutoff time. As a result, such understudies begin searching for the best article help to be certain their task will be delivered at the maximal level in concurrence with every scholarly norm. A few understudies profoundly trust the web for sources because of its comfort. Shockingly, numerous understudies don't see how to get the best sources. </p> <p>As soon as you have composed the full substance, it's an ideal opportunity to gather together the exploration paper. The rest of the paper will be cultivated by methods for an author of the administration. Simply anticipate the second when you get your paper! You'll get your paper on time which ought to be composed without any preparation concurring for your unmistakable guidelines and requests. </p> <h2>How to Write College Paper Help! </h2> <p>Unlike different sorts of schoolwork, articles may be genuine issue for all intents and purposes any understudy. Composing an article isn't some tea however with a modified paper composing administration, you may have an incredible useful composing piece. When you bought your modified exposition at Essays-Writers. You a splendidly composed and enlightening exposition that is ensured to make sure about you the evaluation you have earned. </p> <p>Once you're ready to gain proficiency with the undertaking of making an exposition, you should simply start writing the review with no dread and bother. An alternate method to help get a more clear thought regarding the school paper is found out about other school exposition that was finished by others. The perfect thing about us is that each time you can purchase unique article papers available to be purchased. In addition, it's your absolute first time composing school papers and it isn't making the circumstance more straightforward. </p> <p>One other significant procedure while composing the school paper is to get a system before composing your absolute first draft. Lost since it's your school article net. There are a wide range of methods you're ready to compose a school confirmations article. Composing school article might be the most testing segment of the whole method of use for a school. </p> <h2>Key Pieces of How to Write College Paper </h2> <p>Essentially, a proposition paper allows an understudy to make his speculations, recommendations and theory for a specific inquiry or issue. When you are done with the absolute first draft, you are done with the stage and the base of the paper. Keep it brief since you will expand in more noteworthy detail later, yet you ought to be certain you precisely recognize both the subject of your paper together with its unique situation. All through school you will be approached to compose look into papers. </p> <p>The expanding number of paper composing administrations is thoroughly overpowering. Regardless of a remarkable openness to data, there's still a decent arrangement of significant worth recorded as a hard copy and understanding books. The point is one of a kind and paying little mind to what you do, you can't find the exact information. Additionally, verify that the subjects offer you sufficient possibility for obtaining information. </p> <p>In request to flexibly first-quality composing administrations, our composing staff is utilized as an uncommon group. Clearly, an extortion articles help administration doesn't need you to have an alternative to contact them in the wake of being ransacked. You may even go for an accessible essayist to correspondence board, which conveys a prompt correspondence between the writer and the client. Considerably overly eminent writers have editors.</p> <h2> Top How to Write College Paper Secrets </h2> <p>In the occasion you require any adjustments in your paper after it's finished you can request free amendment. As an approach to create a convincing examination paper, you ought to go all out from the earliest starting point. You can likewise do some concentrating to become familiar with the focuses to talk about to have the option to introduce a coherent and convincing survey. On the off chance that you wish to secure high excellent research and propositio n papers in time and at a moderate cost, you ought to presumably endeavor utilizing EssaySupply.com. </p>

Osteoporosis Research Paper Topics - Why You Should Use These

<h1>Osteoporosis Research Paper Topics - Why You Should Use These</h1><p>There are a few osteoporosis look into paper subjects to read for this reason. Every point should offer a decent trade off between current information and the intensity of the human imagination.</p><p></p><p>Of course, we definitely realize that there is a solid connection between loss of bone thickness and the beginning of osteoporosis. We likewise realize that any sort of osteoporosis can be forestalled through eating an even eating routine and practicing normally. What we have not considered is whether any of these things could slow the movement of osteoporosis.</p><p></p><p>If you need to compose a clinical research paper, you should start by posing the inquiry: what is the connection among diet and bone wellbeing? As it were, what amount of the issue are individuals' less than stellar eating routine decisions causing? Next, ask yourself: what can an individual do to decrease their danger of osteoporosis?</p><p></p><p>The most basic osteoporosis investigate paper themes concern nourishments that might be solid for certain individuals yet may really be hindering to an older individual's bone thickness. Is it conceivable that one could eat white bread and rice and be okay? Or then again maybe, by essentially eating vegetables and entire grains rather than meat and different types of creature protein, an individual could be creating bone issues in manners not already imagined.</p><p></p><p>Another class of osteoporosis explore paper themes think about how conceivable it is that calcium admissions from dairy items are significant in hindering the movement of osteoporosis. Calcium from milk has been appeared to hinder the movement of osteoporosis in creatures. This brings up the issue: what may an individual eat to secure their bones?</p><p></p><p>Just as significant as thinking about momentum information and applying it to your osteoporosis investigate paper themes, isto additionally think past what is right now known. Remember that the freshest research is regularly the most astounding and convincing. The absolute generally inventive and fascinating thoughts have originated from considers that investigate research.</p><p></p><p>Always remember that new improvements in research can some of the time appear to be fairly startling. The familiar proverb of 'kicking back and watching the wheels fall off' applies here. An individual who is keen on adding to an uncommon intrigue diary or an exploration paper that is particularly important or remarkable ought to be set up to make a stride back and be a piece cautious.</p><p></p><p>Osteoporosis inquire about paper themes are expected to carry another point of view to an in any case exhausting subject. The more that an individual is happy to go past what is as of now known and go out on a limb an into a zone that appears to be new, the almost certain they will be to get another bit of research that is composed and prepared to submit.</p>

Comparison Essay Topics - Selecting the Right One

Comparison Essay Topics - Selecting the Right OneThe exact composition of a comparison essay topics is one that demands a lot of consideration. It can either be filled with lots of facts and figures, or it can be a mixture of different details and facts, and finally, it can be composed with a certain amount of importance, since this is the main reason why the topic will be chosen. However, when you are trying to find an appropriate topic for your comparison essay, there are some factors that you need to take into account so that you can choose a topic that will not only be of value to your paper, but also one that will be of use to the higher authority figure that will be reading your essay.Since your academic competition will probably have already used these topics, you will want to select topics that will be appealing to them. This is not necessarily a bad thing because it means that you will be more likely to get an application essay. When your topic is interesting enough, you wil l be able to give them a reason to read your document.There are actually plenty of comparison essay topics that you can use. However, most of them will be of no use to you. In order to determine whether or not your topic is not very good, you will need to consider all of its merits. Of course, this is not as easy as it sounds.As much as possible, try to make the best quality papers as possible. Try to be as objective as possible when you are writing your essays. You should avoid giving the impression that you have an agenda about the topics. Also, if you have nothing good to say about a topic, it will probably not help to add that point to your paper.An essay can also use different kinds of comparison essay topics. For example, you could use a subject that has already been researched by the higher authority figure. There are different kinds of subjects that you can use, but the fact that they have already been researched makes them highly effective.There are also a number of essay t opics that you can use to inspire your students. If you decide to include this kind of topic in your paper, try to stay away from stories and testimonials because these are not the kinds of things that will help them. Instead, you could use funny anecdotes, or you could even compare your students to animals, which is a good way to provoke them.Try to use all kinds of facts and figures in your research. Since there is no limit to the types of facts and figures that you can use, they can all help to move your readers to a more objective position. If you know what type of material that you want to use, you will be able to go on with your research without worrying about what else will be used by your reader.You should be very careful when selecting comparison essay topics. This is because this is the kind of topic that you will be using on your final report, and you should not leave anything to chance.

Examination Of Cell Division And Dna Replication - 956 Words

The experiments of the past week allowed examination of cell division and DNA replication, the processes by which cells carry out important functions. It is important to have an understanding of these processes in order to have an understanding of biology. These most small occurrences are the basis for life in all cells. Without division and DNA replication, organism could not grow and carry out complex tasks, such as metabolism. In addition, natural selection can only occur where genetic variation does. This makes division of cells and the recombination of their DNA essential to the continuance of human life. Cells that are diploid have two sets of chromosomes, one coming from each parent. This kind of cell is most familiar to us because this is the way humans are genetically formed. However, the process of replicating and packaging those genes is more complex than most people realize. The process begins in the nucleus. The nucleus is the epicenter of control for the cell. In every nucleus there is a set of chromosomes with our genetic makeup attached to them. These chromosomes are essential to the life of the cell. Therefore, when cell division, or mitosis, or occurs, each cell gets a copy of the entire set of chromosomes, rather than just a part of them. Each phase of mitosis carries out a very specific task. Interphase is the beginning of this process. In this stage, you cannot yet discern chromosomes in the nucleus. The nucleolus, however, will be visible at this time.Show MoreRelatedThe Molecular Structure Of Dna1371 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA is the molecule that transports most genetic instructions utilized in the growth, function and biological process of all living organisms and many viruses.† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary) It was first discovered at the University of Tà ¼bingen by Friedrich Miescher in 1869. Miescher discovered DNA through a microscopic substrate in a sample of pus on unwanted surgical gauze. (Dahm) Nature is a scientific journal in Britain, where studies and academic research in scientificRead MoreBiotechnology And Global Health : Genome Sequencing1518 Words   |  7 Pagesconsists of various DNA molecules that are unique to each individual human being. This huge collection of genes inside each and every one human’s cells dictate trait that are inherited from ther parents, which can range from one’s hair color to one’s height. Genes are made up of Deoxyribosenucleic Acid (DNA), which consist of nucleotide bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G). Adenine is paired with Thymine and Cytosine is paired with Guanine. This DNA is then paired with aRead MoreThe Evolution Of Human Chromosomes1815 Words   |  8 Pageschromosomes. Telomeres contain thousands of repeats of the repetitive TTAGGG DNA sequence; this is combined with a complex enzyme known as telomerase. Furthermore, the function of this ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex is to mai ntain telomere length in cancer cells by adding TTAGGG repeats onto the telomeric ends of the chromosomes; this compensates for the normal expected shortening of telomeres which occurs in all dividing cells. Predominantly human cancers emerge during ageing or during the end stageRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1471 Words   |  6 PagesSurrounding the lobules are fat globules and fibrous tissue. The breasts consist of many blood vessels supplying a continuous supply of oxygenated blood and lymph vessels that are connected to cluster of lymph nodes aiding in trapping bacteria and cancerous cells. (Copper 1990) Breast cancer is simply cancer that inhabits the tissues inside the breast resulting from random mutations in specific genes or from over expression of certain sex hormones involved in stimulating growth leading to cancerous developmentRead MoreWhy Cancer Is Not Contributing With Onespecific Factor1581 Words   |  7 Pagesdecoded late in the 19th century, it is unexpected disease, can happen to anyone at any age, and it doesn’t show an early scientific symptoms, the reasons that led to have a cancer it’s might have nothing to do with unhealthy life. Protein–DNA interaction, cell dividing, and growth, smoking, sun, gas and chemical exposing. It’s all works as factors, and sometimes these factors plays a big part in causing you cancer, and sometimes it’s not. There is nothing granted with cancer.In this paper I’ll explainRead MoreTransformation Related Protein 53 : A Tumor Suppressor Gene1300 Words   |  6 Pagessuppressor gene. It was previously thought of as an oncogene. TP53 encodes for a protein, called p53 protein, that helps to regulate the cell cycle and inhibits mutations in the genome as well. Both of these functions help to conserve stability. One of the reasons for TP53’s high importance, and the extensive research on the gene, is its function to suppress cancer cells in multicellular organisms, including humans (Vijayaraj). The gene is located on chromosome seventeen (17p13.1). The genomic coordinatesRead MoreThe And Its Effects On Cell Function1106 Words   |  5 Pagessufficient damage to DNA is achieved, chromosome abnormalities may be noted, the damaged DNA can attempt to repair itself, sometimes forming patterns dissimilar to its prior layout. Karaman et al (2005) describes the removal of one or more nitrogenous bases within the DNA sequence as a deletion error. Substitution is explicated as an error which occurs when one base pair is replaced by another and insertion is defined as an error which arises as new base pairs are inserted into the DNA sequence. TheseRead MoreBacteriophages Are Infections That Taint Microorganisms.898 Words   |  4 Pageson hold amid lysogenic while adding to the pathogenicity or destructiveness of their bacterial host, the lysogeny. Amid lysogeny the prophage genome can be thought to be under determination weight to be disposed of since even its basic replication a mid cell division introduces a fiery cost for the host. For instance, an instrument of modern combination of lysogenic control with the host administrative circuit was found in Staphylococcus aureus (a commensal and pathogen that can bring about an assortmentRead MoreModule Guide For Assessment Hand2718 Words   |  11 Pagesfind books on ‘molecular cell biology’. How many results are there, how many of these are journals? Total library catalogue results for ‘molecular cell biology: 551 Total number of Journals: 25 2. Search for a book by ‘Alberts’ on molecular biology of the cell. (Type the author and keywords into the same box) What is the Shelf mark? Find the book on the shelf and use it to make short notes on- What are the fundamental properties of Life? Molecular biology of the cell – Alberts, Shelf mark:Read MoreNeoplasia10526 Words   |  43 Pagesprocess of new growth whilst Neoplasm means a new growth. Sometimes, the parenchyma cells stimulate the formation of an abundant collagenous stroma, referred to as desmoplasia. Some tumours e.g. some cancers of breast are stony hard or scirrhous. Sarcomas have little connective tissue stroma and so are fleshy. Pseudo tumours: i) An ectopic rest of normal tissue is sometimes called a choristoma e.g a rest of adrenal cells under the kidney capsule or a pancreatic nodular rest in the mucosa of the small

Mmse in Nursing free essay sample

A mini mental state examination (MMSE) also known as the Folstein test is a brief 30-point questionnaire test that is used to screen for cognitive impairment in a patient. It’s use I normally in medicine to screen for the presence of dementia. In this case I used it to estimate the severity of cognitive impairment at a given point in time and to follow the course of cognitive changes in an individual over time. Functions assessed are usually arithmetic, memory and orientation (Changsu Han, 2008). I assessed Mrs. Pandey’s state of cognitive impairment using the mini mental state examination. Mrs. Pandey is a young lady suffering from multiple sclerosis. At this point we assume that she has a normal cognitive state and it was proven correct by the mini mental state examination. After my assessment I found that the MMSE was easy to perform in a way that the type of questions to address where given to me already, concentration was nowon effective communicaion with Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on Mmse in Nursing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pandey and developing confidence in her to answer the questions to the best of her ability. To some individuals it is difficult to ask some of the questions , an example was the one question were i had to ask the patient to count backwards from 100 by 7. This was because the patient could find it difficult to understand what is required by the question or interprete in a different way, which can affect the accuracy in determining the patient’s state of cognitive impairment. Some of the questions sounded a bit silly which could possibly annoy the patient especially when they have a normal cognitive state (McMurray, A. 2005). This I thought could cause psychological depression to the patient since they might feel they could be so silly enough not to answer some of the questions correctly. The advantage in this examination could be that no answer is wrong; it is just a way of assessing their state of cognitive assessment. Communication was not much a problem. An issue could be misunderstanding the aim or the purpose of the examination; I did do my best I think to explain the purpose of the exam. I really did not need to rephrase most of the questions because Mrs. Pandey is of an English speaking background therefore I just needed to say it as it is. I do not think, though, that my question could help me draw a definite conclusion because people make mistake even if their cognition is normal due to anxiety and nervousness therefore it is difficult to draw an accurate conclusion (Galea, M. Woodward, M. 2005 ) (McMurray, A. 2005). In terms of the video, i was a little disappointed because i was not speaking loud enough so some of the things i said could not be heard in the video. all in all i think i did a good job in communicating with the patuent, i had a profound open posture to the patient and the patient to examiner positioning was perfect in that it gave the patient a state of superiority