Security Issues and the Breakdown of Payment Systems - Free Essay Example

Critically Discuss Security Issues and the Breakdown of the Payment System. Introduction Regulation 2560/2001/EU applies to cross-border payments in euros within the EU and established with effect from 1st July 2003 the principle of equal charges for a cross-border transaction and a strictly domestic transaction. The Consultative Document à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“New Legal Framework for Payments in the Internal Marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [1] acknowledges that the Regulation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“has contributed to a considerable reduction in the price for [such] paymentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and has provided an incentive for the payment industry to modernise their EU-wide payment infrastructuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . However, it is acknowledged that technical and legal barriers still prevent EU citizens, companies and payment service providers from reaping the full benefits of a Single Payment Area for non-cash payments. The Executive Summary (p.2) concludes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Internal Market for goods and services cannot function properly without cheap, efficient and secure [emphasis supplied] payment services.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  While the Regulation addresses the first of these three criteria, considerable progress is still required in respect of the efficiency of services (and, in particular, the introduction of appropriate protection for parties in the event of breakdown) and security of networks in the face of increasing external attack. Annex 20 of the Consultative Document raises issues in respect of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Security of Networksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and Annex 21 similarly invites submissions in respect of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Breakdown of a Payment Network.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ It is proposed to address each of these subjects in turn. Security of the Networks Annex 20 describes attacks upon the databases of, inter alia, the banking industry and e-commerce merchants which have led to conce rns as to payment fraud and have resulted in the recall and reissue of many thousands of payment cards. The full scale of the problem is unknown since, due to the potential for the undermining of confidence in such institutions, it has been estimated that as many as 80% of such incidents are not reported[2]. A study undertaken for the European Commission into public perceptions of the security of electronic payments[3] identified the fact that from a security perspective, electronic banking systems including on-line bank transfers are the preferred methods of payment. This is due to the use of a system of 2-factor identification (e.g. password and selected digits from a PIN number). By contrast, the use of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“card not presentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  payment over the internet poses risks because authentication depends upon the use of credit card numbers and expiry dates (which information can be the subject of misappropriation or the increasing crime of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“identity t heftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Regrettably, this type of transaction remains the most prevalent for cross-border payments. New, more secure solutions, have yet to achieve a significant degree of market penetration. In particular, the use of what is known as SSL à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Secure Sockets Layerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , a generic method to cryptographically secure communication on the Internet taking place between a client and a server is as yet weak or non-existent in terms of general commercial application. At the Tampere European Council, the member states reaffirmed their commitment to reinforcing the fight against organised crime. This led to the issue of the Communication from the Commission à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Preventing fraud and counterfeiting of non-cash means of paymentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4] and its accompanying Fraud Prevention Action Plan. It was acknowledged that the payment industry has developed and implemented new technical fraud prevention measures (such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“chip and PI Nà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  technology) but if cross-border payments are to be adequately protected, further, more general measures are required. The first paragraph of the Fraud Prevention Action Plan states, inter alia, that the longer term objective must be the introduction of a structured and co-ordinated security approach by all interested parties. It is essential to promote standardised security requirements which can be independently and objectively evaluated. An example of this is ISO Standard 15408 which allows the definition of security requirements for information technology systems including payment products. Criminal sanctions are also necessary. At the Community level, proposals have been made for the common definition of certain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cyber crimesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  carrying common penalties[5]. While such reform is to be welcomed insofar as it would provide a measure of uniformity and ease of enforcement within the EU, it cannot address the risks posed by the global na ture of modern information technology which renders European merchants and institutions vulnerable to international attack from beyond the borders of the EU. Annex 20 argues that the harmonisation of penal legislation against cyber crime both in the EU and beyond and co-operation with other stakeholders may lead to the conclusion that there is no need for further legal provisions on the security of the infrastructure and the payment area and further initiatives may be left to self-regulation. This approach is complacent. While acknowledging the difficulty of state regulation of crimes committed outside its jurisdiction, such a challenge militates in favour of internal regulation to ensure compliance with the highest possible standards of electronic security. The increase in e-banking and e-commerce generates an increasingly urgent imperative to protect such systems if confidence is to be maintained and the advantages of such transaction methods to the development of the Internal Market are to be preserved. Article 17 of Directive 95/46/EC already provides for the controller of the data to take appropriate measures to protect against unauthorised access. An increasingly obvious deficiency occurs where the processing of such data is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“outsourcedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to another party. While the controller in such circumstances is under a duty to choose a processor who is able to supply the necessary guarantees as to security of data, there is no reason why indeed it might be regarded as essential that the processor is also made the direct subject of primary legislation in order to ensure the integrity of his guarantees and to provide appropriate remedies (beyond the merely contractual rights of the controller) in the event of default. Breakdown of a Payment Network By contrast with Annex 20, Annex 21 raises the issue of liability in the event of breakdown of a payment network but fails to provide even the most meagre of proposed strategies for dealing with the issue or even any meaningful suggested topics for discussion and response. The risk of system breakdown is particularly acute in the case of Payment Services Providers since they have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“network externalitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which means that they are exposed to risks not only as a result of the compromise of the integrity of their own internal systems but also the systems of those other institutions with which they are interdependent. In addition, the trend toward à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“outsourcingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  discussed above increases their vulnerability to breakdowns over which they have no direct control. Such system failures can have significant impact in the marketplace upon a customer who may incur financial penalties (e.g. for late payment) or suffer loss of commercial opportunity or other loss as a result of not being able to action an electronic payment. The merchant also is at risk since, in the event of such failure, potential profit may be lost i f otherwise willing customers are not able to make payment by other than electronic means. The obvious question is, upon whom should such losses ultimately fall? Not surprisingly, the banks take a particular view. Barclays[6] argue that to extend liability to include unlimited consequential losses due to system breakdown will cause many providers to reconsider their exposure to the payments market. They argue that they have invested in contingency arrangements so that payments are not delayed even if there are failures, that customers have a wide range of payment options available to them and that breakdown is rare. Finally, there is the familiar plea that the industry is subject to a high degree of self-regulation and that the consequences of system failure are adequately addressed by the bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contract with the customer. Significantly, it is not asserted that compensation arrangements are adequate under the present regime, rather that the customer contract is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the best way forwardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  provided this is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“transparent to the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . To seek to limit liability in this way is offensive to basic legal principles. By direct or indirect means, the customer either in the form of a consumer or in the person of a merchant supplying goods or services and wishing for reasons of commercial competitiveness to offer the option of payment by electronic means, is paying for a service which he has a consequent right to expect will be operated efficiently and without causing loss to him through its failure. Where such failure occurs, the consequences are clearly and reasonably foreseeable as they have been by the Commission in the Consultation Document. Just as it was appropriate for the Commission to regulate the charge for electronic cross-border transfers by Regulation 2560/2001, it is appropriate for there to be similar intervention to ensure confidence in systems and the further increase in th eir use for the benefit of the Single Market and to provide a transparent system of rights and remedies in the event of breakdown of systems. Conclusion Regulation 2560/2001/EC provided an important boost to the use of electronic payment systems for cross-border transfers by removing the disparities previously existing in respect of charges for such services. Recognising this benefit to the operation of the Single Market, the Consultative Document seeks to explore ways of increasing and enhancing this benefit by addressing a range of technical and legal restrictions which continue to impinge upon the efficient and secure operation of such means of payment. If this is to be achieved, urgent action is required to address the increasing threat to the security of and thus confidence in the use of such services. Payment Services Providers must shoulder the leading responsibility for guaranteeing the security of such systems and where this continues to be deemed inadequate, must b e required by Regulation to do so. This applies also in the distinct but related field of system breakdown. Self-serving arguments about the current adequacy of systems and the familiar special pleading for self-regulation should not be allowed to stand in the way of continued improvements in e-payment and e-commerce with the manifest economic benefits that this will confer upon the Community. Again, this is too important an objective to be left to chance or half-hearted and self-interested attempts at self-regulation. The model of Regulation 2560/2001 and its demonstrable success may be relied upon in both areas to bring about continued improvements in the framework for payments in the Internal Market. Bibliography APACS, The Regulation on Cross Border Payments in Euro, Cards Compliance Guidelines for the UK Banking Industry, (July 2003) Barclays plc Response: Commission Communication A New Legal Framework for Payments in the Internal Market (9 February 2004) Electroni c Payments key conclusions of study undertaken for European Commission on public perceptions, (September 2003), www.europa.eu.int/comm.internal-market/payments/docs/fraud/study-security New Legal Framework for Payments in the Internal Market, COM (2003) 718 final Irish Payment Services Organisation, IBAN Update, (Oct 2004), www.ipso.ie Preventing fraud and counterfeiting of non-cash means of payment, COM (2001) 0011 final Proposal for a Council Framework Decision on attacks against information systems, COM (2002) 173 final Regulation 2560/2001/EU 1 Footnotes [1] COM (2003) 718 final, p.2 [2] IDC and Gartner (November 2002) [3] Electronic Payments key conclusions of study undertaken for European Commission on public perceptions, (September 2003), www.europa.eu.int/comm.internal-market/payments/docs/fraud/study-security [4] COM (2001) 0011 final [5] Proposal for a Council Framework Decision on attacks against information systems, COM (2002) 173 final [6] Barclays plc Response: Commission Communication A New Legal Framework for Payments in the Internal Market (9 February 2004)

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Causes and Consequences There are different reasons and outcomes that come from Intimate Partner Violence. A percentage of the danger components for Intimate Partner Violence are the same and others are typically connected with each other. Concurring to National Institute of Justice, one in five ladies are murdered or seriously harmed by an intimate partner. The deadly or life-debilitating occurrence is ordinarily the first physical brutality that is experienced from their partner (Block, 2003). Ladies who get to be parents at an early age will probably be the casualties of IPV than ladies who get to be mothers at a later age. Ladies who experience aggressive behavior at home regularly have mental and passionate trouble. Families or even people who have encountered abusive behavior at home mend both physically and candidly from the various injuries they have experienced. The injuries experienced effectively affects the mind and in addition the body and soul of the casualty. 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Bryant Furlow (2010) states that domestic violence is any physical, psychological or sexual abuse endured by a current/former spouse, intimate partner or simply anyone who is abusing another family member. According to Furlow (2010) domestic violence incorporates elder abuse, child abuse and intimate partner violence. Although domestic violence can affect all membersR ead MoreThe Effects Of Violence On Hispanic Women Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic that will be analyzed in this literature review is relationship violence in Hispanics. Specifically, it will be physical and sexual abuse in intimate partners. It is mentioned that Hispanic women are less likely to report or use services available to anybody. The services that are available to them are healthcare and housing. As well as, therapy of any type. Also, Hispanic women are less likely to report abuse (Cho 2012). The reasons for not reporting abuse can vary depending on the legalRead MoreSexual Partner Violence And Black American Women Essay1056 Words   |  5 PagesRELATED TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AND BLACK AMERICAN WOMEN Arshida Moore 12/11/2016 PADM 6130 Research Methods INTRODUCTION In the United States, Black American women are physically battered and often die from Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) at increasingly disparate rates in comparison to that of White American women. When compared to their White American counterparts, Black American women unswervingly conveyed higher rates of violence by their intimate partner (West, 2004)Read MoreGender And Gender Violence1482 Words   |  6 PagesGender-based violence is the unequal power relationships between men and women. It includes rape, sexual assault and harassment, domestic abuse, and stalking. Gender violence reflects the idea that violence is often used to uphold structural gender inequalities. Gender violence includes all types of violence against men, women, children, gay, lesbian, and transgender people. Gender violence may be experienced differently based on the social variables of race, age, gender, social class or anotherRead MoreThe Three Stages Of Violence1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe three stage s of violence. According to the article, The Cycle of Domestic violence, there are three stages of violence. They are defined as the tension-building stage, the explosive stage, and the honeymoon stage (Domestic Violence Roundtable, 2008). The tension-building stage. The first stage, is the tension-building stage. This stage is known by a time of extreme stress and tension. During this time, the batterer (or abuser) may become overly agitated, and begin acting aggressively. It isRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Domestic Violence1728 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) which falls into the category of domestic violence, is an epidemic among individuals in every community affecting twelve million men and women each year. IPV has no discrimination when it comes to characteristics of the victims. Although victims of IPV are predominately female, men are just as capable of becoming victims as well. The term intimate partner violence describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner (CDC, 2015)Read MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Domestic Violence1300 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction. Intimate partner violence (IPV) which falls into the category of domestic violence is an epidemic among individuals in every community affecting twelve million men and women each year. IPV has no discrimination when it comes to characteristics of the victims. Although victims of IPV are predominately female, men are just as capable of becoming victims as well. The term intimate partner violence describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner (CDC, 2015)Read MoreEmotional And Emotional Effects Of Domestic Violence1503 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence, or as Daigle calls it, intimate partner violence, comes in different forms. One of these forms is intimate terrorism, which involves severe, persistent and frequent abuse that tends to get worse as time goes on. The abusive partner needs to feel like he or she has the power and control of the relationship. This type of intimate partner violence is likely to result in serious injury, the worst of which is death. Another kind of intimate partner violence is situational couple violence